# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

June  2017, 7(2): 113-119. doi: 10.3934/naco.2017008

## Computing minimum norm solution of linear systems of equations by the generalized Newton method

 1 Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran 3 Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Saeed Ketabchi

Received  July 2015 Published  June 2017

The aim of this paper is to find the minimum norm solution of a linear system of equations. The proposed method is based on presenting a view of solution on the dual exterior penalty problem of primal quadratic programming. To solve the unconstrained minimization problem, the generalized Newton method was employed and to guarantee its finite global convergence, the Armijo step size regulation was adopted. This method was tested on all systems selected in NETLIB 1. Numerical results were compared with the MOSEK Optimization Software 2 on linear systems in NETLIB (Table 1) and on linear systems generated by the Linear systems generator (Table 2).

Citation: Saeed Ketabchi, Hossein Moosaei, M. Parandegan, Hamidreza Navidi. Computing minimum norm solution of linear systems of equations by the generalized Newton method. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2017, 7 (2) : 113-119. doi: 10.3934/naco.2017008
##### References:
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##### References:
 [1] L. Armijo, Minimazation of functions havinig Lipschitz continuous first partial derivetives, Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 16 (1966), 1-3. Google Scholar [2] T. V. Anh, An extragradient method for finding minimum-norm solution of the split equilibrium problem, Acta Mathematica Vietnamica, 44 (2016), 1-18. Google Scholar [3] M. S. Bazaraa, H. D. Sherali and C. M. Shetty, Nonlinear Programming Theory and Algorithms, John Wiely and Sons, 1999. Google Scholar [4] D. P. Bertsekas, Constrained Optimization and Lagrange Multiplier Methods, Academic Press, 2014. Google Scholar [5] Yu. G. Evtushenko, A. I. Golikov and N. Mollaverdi, Augmented Lagrangian method for large-scale linear programming problems, Optimization Methods and Software, 20 (2005), 515-524. doi: 10.1080/10556780500139690. Google Scholar [6] Yu. G. Evtushenko, A. I. Golikov, S. Ketabchi and N. Mollaverdi, The augmented Lagrangian function for the linear programming problems, Dynamics of non-homogeneous systems (Ed. YuSPopkov), Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for System Analysis, 2 (2004), 101-106. Google Scholar [7] A. I. Golikov and Yu. G. Evtushenko, Theorems of the alternative and their applications in numerical methods, Comput. Maths. and Math. Phys, 43 (2003), 338-358. Google Scholar [8] J. B. Hiriart-Urruty, J. J. Strodiot and V. H. Nguyen, Generalized Hessian matrics and second-order optimality condisions for problems $C^{1,1}$ data, Applied Mathmatics and Optimazation, 11 (1984), 43-56. doi: 10.1007/BF01442169. Google Scholar [9] S. Ketabchi and E. Ansari-Piri, On the solution set of convex problems and its numerical application, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 206 (2007), 288-292. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2006.07.004. Google Scholar [10] C. Kanzow, H. Qi and L. Qi, On the minimum norm soloution of linear programs, Journal of Optimazition Theory and Applications, 116 (2003), 333-345. doi: 10.1023/A:1022457904979. Google Scholar [11] O. L. Mangasarian, A Newton method for linear programming, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 121 (2004), 1-18. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTA.0000026128.34294.77. Google Scholar [12] O. L. Mangasarian, A finite Newton method for classification, Optimization Methods and Software, 17 (2002), 913-930. doi: 10.1080/1055678021000028375. Google Scholar [13] J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright, Numerical Optimization, Springer Science, 1999. doi: 10.1007/b98874. Google Scholar [14] W. Sun and Y. Yuan, Optimization Theory and Methods: Nonlinear Programming, Springer, New York, 2006. Google Scholar
Comparison of ssGNewton and cqpMosek on systems in NETLIB. In all solved examples $\|(-x^*)_+\|=0$
 $Systems$ Method $time(sec)$ $\|{x^*}\|$ $\|Ax^*-b\|_{\infty}$ $25fv47$ ssGNewton $1.51$ $3.31\times 10^3$ $3.43\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $1.36$ $3.31\times 10^3$ $1.91\times 10^{-11}$ $80bau3b$ ssGNewton $0.95$ $4.13\times 10^3$ $1.18\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $0.80$ $4.13\times 10^3$ $2.90\times 10^{-7}$ $addlittle$ ssGNewton $0.05$ $4.3\times 10^2$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$ cqpMosek 0.35 $4.3\times 10^2$ $7.18\times 10^{-11}$ $afiro$ ssGNewton $0.06$ $6.34\times 10^2$ $6.39\times 10^{-14}$ cqpMosek $0.31$ $6.34\times 10^2$ $1.13\times 10^{-13}$ $creb$ ssGNewton $13.20$ $6.24\times 10^{2}$ $1.62\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $2.31$ $6.24\times 10^{2}$ $1.61\times 10^{-6}$ $maroser7$ ssGNewton $2.86$ $1.41\times 10^5$ $2.54\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $55.20$ $1.41\times 10^5$ $3.27\times 10^{-11}$ $pds02$ ssGNewton $2.30$ $1.61\times 10^5$ $1.40\times 10^{-7}$ cqpMosek $0.51$ $1.61\times 10^5$ $8.2\times 10^{-6}$ $ken13$ ssGNewton $9.09$ $2.53\times 10^4$ $4.39\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $2.09$ $2.53\times 10^4$ $1.71\times 10^{-9}$ $osa14$ ssGNewton $60.10$ $1.19\times 10^5$ $4.10\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $4.40$ $1.19\times 10^5$ $7.82\times 10^{-5}$ $agg3$ ssGNewton $0.27$ $7.65\times 10^5$ $3.59\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $0.40$ $7.65\times 10^5$ $2.32\times10^{-10}$ $crea$ ssGNewton $1.25$ $1.62\times10^{3}$ $4.13\times10^{-6}$ cqpMosek 0.61 $1.62\times10^{3}$ $2.15\times10^{-10}$
 $Systems$ Method $time(sec)$ $\|{x^*}\|$ $\|Ax^*-b\|_{\infty}$ $25fv47$ ssGNewton $1.51$ $3.31\times 10^3$ $3.43\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $1.36$ $3.31\times 10^3$ $1.91\times 10^{-11}$ $80bau3b$ ssGNewton $0.95$ $4.13\times 10^3$ $1.18\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $0.80$ $4.13\times 10^3$ $2.90\times 10^{-7}$ $addlittle$ ssGNewton $0.05$ $4.3\times 10^2$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$ cqpMosek 0.35 $4.3\times 10^2$ $7.18\times 10^{-11}$ $afiro$ ssGNewton $0.06$ $6.34\times 10^2$ $6.39\times 10^{-14}$ cqpMosek $0.31$ $6.34\times 10^2$ $1.13\times 10^{-13}$ $creb$ ssGNewton $13.20$ $6.24\times 10^{2}$ $1.62\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $2.31$ $6.24\times 10^{2}$ $1.61\times 10^{-6}$ $maroser7$ ssGNewton $2.86$ $1.41\times 10^5$ $2.54\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $55.20$ $1.41\times 10^5$ $3.27\times 10^{-11}$ $pds02$ ssGNewton $2.30$ $1.61\times 10^5$ $1.40\times 10^{-7}$ cqpMosek $0.51$ $1.61\times 10^5$ $8.2\times 10^{-6}$ $ken13$ ssGNewton $9.09$ $2.53\times 10^4$ $4.39\times 10^{-9}$ cqpMosek $2.09$ $2.53\times 10^4$ $1.71\times 10^{-9}$ $osa14$ ssGNewton $60.10$ $1.19\times 10^5$ $4.10\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $4.40$ $1.19\times 10^5$ $7.82\times 10^{-5}$ $agg3$ ssGNewton $0.27$ $7.65\times 10^5$ $3.59\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $0.40$ $7.65\times 10^5$ $2.32\times10^{-10}$ $crea$ ssGNewton $1.25$ $1.62\times10^{3}$ $4.13\times10^{-6}$ cqpMosek 0.61 $1.62\times10^{3}$ $2.15\times10^{-10}$
Comparison of ssGNewton and cqpMosek on randomly generated systems. 'OOM' denotes out of memory. In all solved examples $\|(-x^*)_+\|=0$
 $m, n, d$ Method $time(sec)$ $\|{x^*}\|$ $\|Ax^*-b\|_{\infty}$ $1000\times 1200\times 0.1$ ssGNewton $6.92$ $1.87\times 10^0$ $7.73\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $14.70$ $1.87\times 10^0$ $5.45\times 10^{-12}$ $1000\times 1500\times 0.01$ ssGNewton $3.94$ $1.90\times 10^2$ $1.13\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $3.10$ $1.90\times 10^2$ $6.80\times 10^{-13}$ $2000\times 10000\times 0.1$ ssGNewton $29.10$ $2.94\times 10^2$ $4.54\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek 122.00 $2.94\times 10^2$ $6.18\times 10^{-11}$ $4500\times 5000\times 0.1$ ssGNewton OOM $-$ $-$ cqpMosek $339.00$ $3.95\times 10^2$ $3.89\times 10^{-8}$ $1000\times (5\times 10^6)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $19.20$ $2.02\times 10^{2}$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$ cqpMosek OOM $-$ $-$ $1000\times 100000\times 0.01$ ssGNewton $4.54$ $2.45\times 10^2$ $3.27\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $9.10$ $2.45\times 10^2$ $3.63\times 10^{-11}$ $100\times (2\times 10^6)\times 0.001$ ssGNewton $4.35$ $8.13\times 10$ $5.09\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $30.40$ $8.13\times 10$ $4.69\times 10^{-10}$ $(2.5\times10^5) \times(3\times 10^5)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $70.12$ $1.41\times 10^3$ $4.10\times 10^{-3}$ cqpMosek $5.32$ $1.41\times 10^3$ $4.90\times 10^{-13}$ $10^5\times (2\times10^5)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $9.85$ $7.65\times 10^2$ $2.87\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $3.26$ $7.65\times 10^2$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$
 $m, n, d$ Method $time(sec)$ $\|{x^*}\|$ $\|Ax^*-b\|_{\infty}$ $1000\times 1200\times 0.1$ ssGNewton $6.92$ $1.87\times 10^0$ $7.73\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $14.70$ $1.87\times 10^0$ $5.45\times 10^{-12}$ $1000\times 1500\times 0.01$ ssGNewton $3.94$ $1.90\times 10^2$ $1.13\times 10^{-12}$ cqpMosek $3.10$ $1.90\times 10^2$ $6.80\times 10^{-13}$ $2000\times 10000\times 0.1$ ssGNewton $29.10$ $2.94\times 10^2$ $4.54\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek 122.00 $2.94\times 10^2$ $6.18\times 10^{-11}$ $4500\times 5000\times 0.1$ ssGNewton OOM $-$ $-$ cqpMosek $339.00$ $3.95\times 10^2$ $3.89\times 10^{-8}$ $1000\times (5\times 10^6)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $19.20$ $2.02\times 10^{2}$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$ cqpMosek OOM $-$ $-$ $1000\times 100000\times 0.01$ ssGNewton $4.54$ $2.45\times 10^2$ $3.27\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $9.10$ $2.45\times 10^2$ $3.63\times 10^{-11}$ $100\times (2\times 10^6)\times 0.001$ ssGNewton $4.35$ $8.13\times 10$ $5.09\times 10^{-11}$ cqpMosek $30.40$ $8.13\times 10$ $4.69\times 10^{-10}$ $(2.5\times10^5) \times(3\times 10^5)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $70.12$ $1.41\times 10^3$ $4.10\times 10^{-3}$ cqpMosek $5.32$ $1.41\times 10^3$ $4.90\times 10^{-13}$ $10^5\times (2\times10^5)\times 10^{-6}$ ssGNewton $9.85$ $7.65\times 10^2$ $2.87\times10^{-8}$ cqpMosek $3.26$ $7.65\times 10^2$ $2.27\times 10^{-13}$
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