# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

November  2016, 36(11): 6167-6185. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016069

## An infinite-dimensional weak KAM theory via random variables

 1 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), CEMSE Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia

Received  August 2015 Revised  July 2016 Published  August 2016

We develop several aspects of the infinite-dimensional Weak KAM theory using a random variables' approach. We prove that the infinite-dimensional cell problem admits a viscosity solution that is a fixed point of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup. Furthermore, we show the existence of invariant minimizing measures and calibrated curves defined on $\mathbb{R}$.
Citation: Diogo Gomes, Levon Nurbekyan. An infinite-dimensional weak KAM theory via random variables. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2016, 36 (11) : 6167-6185. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016069
##### References:
 [1] L. Ambrosio, N. Gigli and G. Savaré, Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures,, $2^{nd}$ edition, (2008). Google Scholar [2] V. I. Arnol'd, Proof of a theorem of A. N. Kolmogorov on the preservation of conditionally periodic motions under a small perturbation of the Hamiltonian,, Uspehi Mat. Nauk, 18 (1963), 13. Google Scholar [3] V. I. Arnol'd, Mathematical Models of Classical Mechanics,, (Translated from the Russian by K. Vogtmann and A. Weinstein) Springer-Verlag, (1978). Google Scholar [4] V. I. Arnol'd, V. V. Kozlov and A. I. Neĭshtadt, Dynamical Systems. III,, (Translated from the Russian by A. Iacob) Springer-Verlag, (1988). doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61551-1. Google Scholar [5] E. Asplund, Fréchet differentiability of convex functions,, Acta Math., 121 (1968), 31. doi: 10.1007/BF02391908. Google Scholar [6] M. Bardi and I. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Optimal control and viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations,, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., (1997). doi: 10.1007/978-0-8176-4755-1. Google Scholar [7] G. Barles, Solutions de Viscosité des Équations de Hamilton-Jacobi,, (French) [Viscosity Solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi Equations], (1994). Google Scholar [8] P. Bernard, Existence of $C^{1,1}$ critical sub-solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation on compact manifolds},, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4), 40 (2007), 445. doi: 10.1016/j.ansens.2007.01.004. Google Scholar [9] P. Bernard, Smooth critical sub-solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Math. Res. Lett., 14 (2007), 503. doi: 10.4310/MRL.2007.v14.n3.a14. Google Scholar [10] P. Bernard, The Lax-Oleinik semi-group: A Hamiltonian point of view,, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 142 (2012), 1131. doi: 10.1017/S0308210511000059. Google Scholar [11] U. Bessi, Chaotic motions for a version of the Vlasov equation,, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 44 (2012), 2496. doi: 10.1137/110851225. Google Scholar [12] U. Bessi, The Aubry set for a version of the Vlasov equation,, NoDEA Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 20 (2013), 1411. doi: 10.1007/s00030-012-0216-8. Google Scholar [13] U. Bessi, A time-step approximation scheme for a viscous version of the Vlasov equation,, Adv. Math., 266 (2014), 17. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.07.023. Google Scholar [14] U. Bessi, Viscous Aubry-Mather theory and the Vlasov equation,, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 34 (2014), 379. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.379. Google Scholar [15] W. Braun and K. Hepp, The Vlasov dynamics and its fluctuations in the $1/N$ limit of interacting classical particles,, Comm. Math. Phys., 56 (1977), 101. doi: 10.1007/BF01611497. Google Scholar [16] P. Cardaliaguet, Notes on Mean Field Games (from P. L. Lions' lectures at Collège de France),, 2012. Available from: , (). Google Scholar [17] M. G. Crandall and P. L. Lions, Hamilton-Jacobi equations in infinite dimensions. II. Existence of viscosity solutions,, J. Funct. Anal., 65 (1986), 368. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(86)90026-1. Google Scholar [18] R. L. Dobrušin, Vlasov equations,, (Russian) Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen., 13 (1979), 48. Google Scholar [19] A. Fathi, Weak KAM Theorem in Lagrangian Dynamics,, (to appear in Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics)., (). Google Scholar [20] A. Fathi, Solutions {KAM} faibles conjuguées et barrières de Peierls,, (French) [Weakly conjugate KAM solutions and Peierls's barriers], 325 (1997), 649. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)84777-5. Google Scholar [21] A. Fathi, Théorème KAM faible et théorie de Mather sur les systèmes lagrangiens,, (French) [A weak KAM theorem and Mather's theory of Lagrangian systems], 324 (1997), 1043. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)87883-4. Google Scholar [22] A. Fathi, Sur la convergence du semi-groupe de Lax-Oleinik,, (French) [Convergence of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup], 327 (1998), 267. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(98)80144-4. Google Scholar [23] A. Fathi, On existence of smooth critical subsolutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Publ. Mat. Urug., 12 (2011), 87. Google Scholar [24] A. Fathi, A. Giuliani and A. Sorrentino, Uniqueness of invariant Lagrangian graphs in a homology or a cohomology class,, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. (5), 8 (2009), 659. Google Scholar [25] A. Fathi and E. Maderna, Weak KAM theorem on non compact manifolds,, NoDEA Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 14 (2007), 1. doi: 10.1007/s00030-007-2047-6. Google Scholar [26] A. Fathi and A. Siconolfi, Existence of $C^1$ critical subsolutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Invent. Math., 155 (2004), 363. doi: 10.1007/s00222-003-0323-6. Google Scholar [27] A. Fathi and A. Siconolfi, PDE aspects of Aubry-Mather theory for quasiconvex Hamiltonians,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 22 (2005), 185. doi: 10.1007/s00526-004-0271-z. Google Scholar [28] W. H. Fleming and H. M. Soner, Controlled Markov Processes and Viscosity Solutions,, Springer-Verlag, (1993). Google Scholar [29] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, Lagrangian dynamics on an infinite-dimensional torus; a weak KAM theorem,, Adv. Math., 224 (2010), 260. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2009.11.005. Google Scholar [30] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, A weak KAM theorem; from finite to infinite dimension,, in Optimal transportation, (2010), 45. Google Scholar [31] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, Weak KAM theory on the Wasserstein torus with multidimensional underlying space,, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 67 (2014), 408. doi: 10.1002/cpa.21492. Google Scholar [32] D. Gomes, Hamilton Jacobi Equations, Viscosity Solutions and Asymptotics of Hamiltonian Systems,, Ph.D thesis, (2000). Google Scholar [33] D. Gomes, Viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and asymptotics for Hamiltonian systems,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 14 (2002), 345. doi: 10.1007/s005260100106. Google Scholar [34] D. Gomes, Perturbation theory for viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations and stability of Aubry-Mather sets,, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 35 (2003), 135. doi: 10.1137/S0036141002405960. Google Scholar [35] D. Gomes, Regularity theory for Hamilton-Jacobi equations,, J. Differential Equations, 187 (2003), 359. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0396(02)00013-X. Google Scholar [36] D. Gomes and L. Nurbekyan, On the minimizers of calculus of variations problems in Hilbert spaces,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 52 (2015), 65. doi: 10.1007/s00526-013-0705-6. Google Scholar [37] H. Ishii, Viscosity solutions for a class of Hamilton-Jacobi equations in Hilbert spaces,, J. Funct. Anal., 105 (1992), 301. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(92)90081-S. Google Scholar [38] A. N. Kolmogorov, On conservation of conditionally periodic motions for a small change in Hamilton's function,, (Russian) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (N.S.), 98 (1954), 527. Google Scholar [39] P. L. Lions, Lectures on Mean Field Games., Available from: , (). Google Scholar [40] P. L. Lions, G. Papanicolau and S. R. S. Varadhan, Homogenization of Hamilton-Jacobi equations,, unpublished, (1987). Google Scholar [41] V. P. Maslov, Equations of the self-consistent field,, in Current problems in mathematics, (1978), 153. Google Scholar [42] G. J. Minty, On the monotonicity of the gradient of a convex function,, Pacific J. Math., 14 (1964), 243. doi: 10.2140/pjm.1964.14.243. Google Scholar [43] L. Nurbekyan, Weak KAM Theory on the $d$-infinite Dimensional Torus,, Ph.D thesis, (2012). Google Scholar [44] D. Tataru, Viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with unbounded nonlinear terms,, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 163 (1992), 345. doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(92)90256-D. Google Scholar

show all references

##### References:
 [1] L. Ambrosio, N. Gigli and G. Savaré, Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures,, $2^{nd}$ edition, (2008). Google Scholar [2] V. I. Arnol'd, Proof of a theorem of A. N. Kolmogorov on the preservation of conditionally periodic motions under a small perturbation of the Hamiltonian,, Uspehi Mat. Nauk, 18 (1963), 13. Google Scholar [3] V. I. Arnol'd, Mathematical Models of Classical Mechanics,, (Translated from the Russian by K. Vogtmann and A. Weinstein) Springer-Verlag, (1978). Google Scholar [4] V. I. Arnol'd, V. V. Kozlov and A. I. Neĭshtadt, Dynamical Systems. III,, (Translated from the Russian by A. Iacob) Springer-Verlag, (1988). doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61551-1. Google Scholar [5] E. Asplund, Fréchet differentiability of convex functions,, Acta Math., 121 (1968), 31. doi: 10.1007/BF02391908. Google Scholar [6] M. Bardi and I. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Optimal control and viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations,, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., (1997). doi: 10.1007/978-0-8176-4755-1. Google Scholar [7] G. Barles, Solutions de Viscosité des Équations de Hamilton-Jacobi,, (French) [Viscosity Solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi Equations], (1994). Google Scholar [8] P. Bernard, Existence of $C^{1,1}$ critical sub-solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation on compact manifolds},, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4), 40 (2007), 445. doi: 10.1016/j.ansens.2007.01.004. Google Scholar [9] P. Bernard, Smooth critical sub-solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Math. Res. Lett., 14 (2007), 503. doi: 10.4310/MRL.2007.v14.n3.a14. Google Scholar [10] P. Bernard, The Lax-Oleinik semi-group: A Hamiltonian point of view,, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 142 (2012), 1131. doi: 10.1017/S0308210511000059. Google Scholar [11] U. Bessi, Chaotic motions for a version of the Vlasov equation,, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 44 (2012), 2496. doi: 10.1137/110851225. Google Scholar [12] U. Bessi, The Aubry set for a version of the Vlasov equation,, NoDEA Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 20 (2013), 1411. doi: 10.1007/s00030-012-0216-8. Google Scholar [13] U. Bessi, A time-step approximation scheme for a viscous version of the Vlasov equation,, Adv. Math., 266 (2014), 17. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.07.023. Google Scholar [14] U. Bessi, Viscous Aubry-Mather theory and the Vlasov equation,, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 34 (2014), 379. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.379. Google Scholar [15] W. Braun and K. Hepp, The Vlasov dynamics and its fluctuations in the $1/N$ limit of interacting classical particles,, Comm. Math. Phys., 56 (1977), 101. doi: 10.1007/BF01611497. Google Scholar [16] P. Cardaliaguet, Notes on Mean Field Games (from P. L. Lions' lectures at Collège de France),, 2012. Available from: , (). Google Scholar [17] M. G. Crandall and P. L. Lions, Hamilton-Jacobi equations in infinite dimensions. II. Existence of viscosity solutions,, J. Funct. Anal., 65 (1986), 368. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(86)90026-1. Google Scholar [18] R. L. Dobrušin, Vlasov equations,, (Russian) Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen., 13 (1979), 48. Google Scholar [19] A. Fathi, Weak KAM Theorem in Lagrangian Dynamics,, (to appear in Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics)., (). Google Scholar [20] A. Fathi, Solutions {KAM} faibles conjuguées et barrières de Peierls,, (French) [Weakly conjugate KAM solutions and Peierls's barriers], 325 (1997), 649. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)84777-5. Google Scholar [21] A. Fathi, Théorème KAM faible et théorie de Mather sur les systèmes lagrangiens,, (French) [A weak KAM theorem and Mather's theory of Lagrangian systems], 324 (1997), 1043. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)87883-4. Google Scholar [22] A. Fathi, Sur la convergence du semi-groupe de Lax-Oleinik,, (French) [Convergence of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup], 327 (1998), 267. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(98)80144-4. Google Scholar [23] A. Fathi, On existence of smooth critical subsolutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Publ. Mat. Urug., 12 (2011), 87. Google Scholar [24] A. Fathi, A. Giuliani and A. Sorrentino, Uniqueness of invariant Lagrangian graphs in a homology or a cohomology class,, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. (5), 8 (2009), 659. Google Scholar [25] A. Fathi and E. Maderna, Weak KAM theorem on non compact manifolds,, NoDEA Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 14 (2007), 1. doi: 10.1007/s00030-007-2047-6. Google Scholar [26] A. Fathi and A. Siconolfi, Existence of $C^1$ critical subsolutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation,, Invent. Math., 155 (2004), 363. doi: 10.1007/s00222-003-0323-6. Google Scholar [27] A. Fathi and A. Siconolfi, PDE aspects of Aubry-Mather theory for quasiconvex Hamiltonians,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 22 (2005), 185. doi: 10.1007/s00526-004-0271-z. Google Scholar [28] W. H. Fleming and H. M. Soner, Controlled Markov Processes and Viscosity Solutions,, Springer-Verlag, (1993). Google Scholar [29] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, Lagrangian dynamics on an infinite-dimensional torus; a weak KAM theorem,, Adv. Math., 224 (2010), 260. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2009.11.005. Google Scholar [30] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, A weak KAM theorem; from finite to infinite dimension,, in Optimal transportation, (2010), 45. Google Scholar [31] W. Gangbo and A. Tudorascu, Weak KAM theory on the Wasserstein torus with multidimensional underlying space,, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 67 (2014), 408. doi: 10.1002/cpa.21492. Google Scholar [32] D. Gomes, Hamilton Jacobi Equations, Viscosity Solutions and Asymptotics of Hamiltonian Systems,, Ph.D thesis, (2000). Google Scholar [33] D. Gomes, Viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and asymptotics for Hamiltonian systems,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 14 (2002), 345. doi: 10.1007/s005260100106. Google Scholar [34] D. Gomes, Perturbation theory for viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations and stability of Aubry-Mather sets,, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 35 (2003), 135. doi: 10.1137/S0036141002405960. Google Scholar [35] D. Gomes, Regularity theory for Hamilton-Jacobi equations,, J. Differential Equations, 187 (2003), 359. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0396(02)00013-X. Google Scholar [36] D. Gomes and L. Nurbekyan, On the minimizers of calculus of variations problems in Hilbert spaces,, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 52 (2015), 65. doi: 10.1007/s00526-013-0705-6. Google Scholar [37] H. Ishii, Viscosity solutions for a class of Hamilton-Jacobi equations in Hilbert spaces,, J. Funct. Anal., 105 (1992), 301. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(92)90081-S. Google Scholar [38] A. N. Kolmogorov, On conservation of conditionally periodic motions for a small change in Hamilton's function,, (Russian) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (N.S.), 98 (1954), 527. Google Scholar [39] P. L. Lions, Lectures on Mean Field Games., Available from: , (). Google Scholar [40] P. L. Lions, G. Papanicolau and S. R. S. Varadhan, Homogenization of Hamilton-Jacobi equations,, unpublished, (1987). Google Scholar [41] V. P. Maslov, Equations of the self-consistent field,, in Current problems in mathematics, (1978), 153. Google Scholar [42] G. J. Minty, On the monotonicity of the gradient of a convex function,, Pacific J. Math., 14 (1964), 243. doi: 10.2140/pjm.1964.14.243. Google Scholar [43] L. Nurbekyan, Weak KAM Theory on the $d$-infinite Dimensional Torus,, Ph.D thesis, (2012). Google Scholar [44] D. Tataru, Viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with unbounded nonlinear terms,, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 163 (1992), 345. doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(92)90256-D. Google Scholar
 [1] Xifeng Su, Lin Wang, Jun Yan. Weak KAM theory for HAMILTON-JACOBI equations depending on unknown functions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2016, 36 (11) : 6487-6522. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016080 [2] Yasuhiro Fujita, Katsushi Ohmori. Inequalities and the Aubry-Mather theory of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (2) : 683-688. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.683 [3] Fabio Camilli, Paola Loreti, Naoki Yamada. Systems of convex Hamilton-Jacobi equations with implicit obstacles and the obstacle problem. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (4) : 1291-1302. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.1291 [4] Manuel de León, David Martín de Diego, Miguel Vaquero. A Hamilton-Jacobi theory on Poisson manifolds. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2014, 6 (1) : 121-140. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2014.6.121 [5] Olga Bernardi, Franco Cardin. On $C^0$-variational solutions for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2011, 31 (2) : 385-406. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.31.385 [6] Gawtum Namah, Mohammed Sbihi. A notion of extremal solutions for time periodic Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2010, 13 (3) : 647-664. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2010.13.647 [7] Gui-Qiang Chen, Bo Su. Discontinuous solutions for Hamilton-Jacobi equations: Uniqueness and regularity. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2003, 9 (1) : 167-192. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2003.9.167 [8] David McCaffrey. A representational formula for variational solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2012, 11 (3) : 1205-1215. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2012.11.1205 [9] Mihai Bostan, Gawtum Namah. Time periodic viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2007, 6 (2) : 389-410. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2007.6.389 [10] Olga Bernardi, Franco Cardin. Minimax and viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations in the convex case. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2006, 5 (4) : 793-812. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2006.5.793 [11] Kaizhi Wang, Jun Yan. Lipschitz dependence of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with respect to the parameter. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2016, 36 (3) : 1649-1659. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.1649 [12] Larry M. Bates, Francesco Fassò, Nicola Sansonetto. The Hamilton-Jacobi equation, integrability, and nonholonomic systems. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2014, 6 (4) : 441-449. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2014.6.441 [13] Nalini Anantharaman, Renato Iturriaga, Pablo Padilla, Héctor Sánchez-Morgado. Physical solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2005, 5 (3) : 513-528. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2005.5.513 [14] Claudio Marchi. On the convergence of singular perturbations of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2010, 9 (5) : 1363-1377. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2010.9.1363 [15] Isabeau Birindelli, J. Wigniolle. Homogenization of Hamilton-Jacobi equations in the Heisenberg group. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2003, 2 (4) : 461-479. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2003.2.461 [16] Giuseppe Marmo, Giuseppe Morandi, Narasimhaiengar Mukunda. The Hamilton-Jacobi theory and the analogy between classical and quantum mechanics. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2009, 1 (3) : 317-355. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2009.1.317 [17] Melvin Leok, Diana Sosa. Dirac structures and Hamilton-Jacobi theory for Lagrangian mechanics on Lie algebroids. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2012, 4 (4) : 421-442. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2012.4.421 [18] Xia Li. Long-time asymptotic solutions of convex hamilton-jacobi equations depending on unknown functions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2017, 37 (10) : 5151-5162. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2017223 [19] Thi Tuyen Nguyen. Large time behavior of solutions of local and nonlocal nondegenerate Hamilton-Jacobi equations with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2019, 18 (3) : 999-1021. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2019049 [20] Kai Zhao, Wei Cheng. On the vanishing contact structure for viscosity solutions of contact type Hamilton-Jacobi equations I: Cauchy problem. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2019, 39 (8) : 4345-4358. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019176

2018 Impact Factor: 1.143