# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

November  2018, 17(6): 2751-2771. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2018130

## An $L_p$-Lipschitz theory for parabolic equations with time measurable pseudo-differential operators

 Department of Mathematics, Korea University, 1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea

Received  July 2017 Revised  March 2018 Published  June 2018

Fund Project: The author was supported by the TJ Park Science Fellowship of POSCO TJ Park Foundation

In this article we prove the existence and uniqueness of a (weak) solution
 $u$
in
 $L_p\left( (0, T); Λ_{γ+m}\right)$
to the Cauchy problem
 \begin{align}\notag&\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}(t, x) = ψ(t, i\nabla)u(t, x)+f(t, x), \;\;\;(t, x) ∈ (0, T) × {\bf{R}}^d \\& u(0, x) = 0, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;(1)\end{align}
where
 $d ∈ \mathbb{N}$
,
 $p ∈ (1, ∞]$
,
 $γ, m ∈ (0, ∞)$
,
 $Λ_{γ+m}$
is the Lipschitz space on
 ${\bf{R}}^d$
whose order is
 $γ+m$
,
 $f ∈ L_p\left( (0, T) ; Λ_{γ} \right)$
, and
 $ψ(t, i\nabla)$
is a time measurable pseudo-differential operator whose symbol is
 $ψ(t, ξ)$
, i.e.
 $ψ(t, i\nabla)u(t, x) = \mathcal{F}^{-1}[ψ(t, ξ){\mathcal{F}}\left[u(t, ·)\right]\left(ξ)\right](x),$
with the assumptions
 \begin{align*}\Re[ψ(t, ξ)] ≤ -ν|ξ|^{γ}, \end{align*}
and
 \begin{align*}|D_{ξ}^{α}ψ(t, ξ)|≤ν^{-1}|ξ|^{γ-|α|}.\end{align*}
Furthermore, we show
 \begin{align}\int_0^T \|u(t, ·)\|^p_{Λ_{γ+m}} dt ≤ N \int_0^T \|f(t, ·)\|^p_{Λ_{m}} dt, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;(2)\end{align}
where
 $N$
is a positive constant depending only on
 $d$
,
 $p$
,
 $γ$
,
 $ν$
,
 $m$
, and
 $T$
,
The unique solvability of equation (1) in
 $L_p$
-Hölder space is also considered.More precisely, for any
 $f ∈ L_p((0, T);C^{n+α})$
, there exists a unique solution
 $u ∈ L_p((0, T);C^{γ+n+α}({\bf{R}}^d))$
to equation (1) and for this solution
 $u$
,
 \begin{align}\int_0^T \|u(t, ·)\|^p_{C^{γ+n+α}}dt ≤N \int_0^T \|f(t, ·)\|^p_{C^{n+α}}dt, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;(3)\end{align}
where
 $n ∈ \mathbb{Z}_+$
,
 $α ∈ (0, 1)$
, and
 $γ+α \notin \mathbb{Z}_+$
.
Citation: Ildoo Kim. An $L_p$-Lipschitz theory for parabolic equations with time measurable pseudo-differential operators. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2018, 17 (6) : 2751-2771. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2018130
##### References:
 [1] H. Abels, Pseudodifferential and Singular Integral Operators: An Introduction with Applications, Walter de Gruyter, 2012. Google Scholar [2] H. Dong and S. Kim, Partial schauder estimates for second-order elliptic and parabolic equations, Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, 40 (2011), 481-500. doi: 10.1007/s00526-010-0348-9. Google Scholar [3] H. Dong and S. Kim, Partial schauder estimates for second-order elliptic and parabolic equations: a revisit, arXiv: 1502.00886, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00526-010-0348-9. Google Scholar [4] L. Grafakos, Classical Fourier Analysis, volume 249, Springer, 2008. Google Scholar [5] L. Grafakos, Modern Fourier Analysis, volume 250, Springer, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09434-2. Google Scholar [6] L. Hörmander, The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators III: Pseudo-differential Operators, volume 274, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-49938-1. Google Scholar [7] N. Jacob, Pseudo-Differential Operators & Markov Processes: Generators and Their Potential Theory, volume 2, Imperial College Press, 2002. doi: 10.1142/9781860949562. Google Scholar [8] I. Kim, K.-H. Kim and S. Lim, Parabolic BMO estimates for pseudo-differential operators of arbitrary order, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 427 (2015), 557-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.02.065. Google Scholar [9] I. Kim, S. Lim and K.-H. Kim, An Lq(Lp)-theory for parabolic pseudo-differential equations: Calderón-Zygmund approach,, Potential Analysis, (2016), 1-21. doi: 10.1007/s11118-016-9552-3. Google Scholar [10] N. V. Krylov, The Calderón-Zygmund theorem and parabolic equations in ${L_p}\left({\mathbb{R},{C^{2 + \alpha }}} \right)$-spaces, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa-Classe di Scienze, 1 (2002), 799-820. Google Scholar [11] N. V. Krylov, Lectures on Elliptic and Parabolic Equations in Sobolev Spaces, volume 96, American Mathematical Society Providence, RI, 2008. doi: 10.1090/gsm/096. Google Scholar [12] Y. Lin and S.Z. Lu, Pseudo-differential operators on Sobolev and Lipschitz spaces, Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series, 16 (2010), 131-142. doi: 10.1007/s10114-010-8109-4. Google Scholar [13] L. Lorenzi, Optimal Schauder estimates for parabolic problems with data measurable with respect to time, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 31 (2000), 588-615. doi: 10.1137/S0036141098342842. Google Scholar [14] R. Mikulevičius and H. Pragarauskas, On the Cauchy problem for certain integro-differential operators in Sobolev and Hölder spaces, Lithuanian Mathematical Journal, 32 (1992), 238-264. doi: 10.1007/BF02450422. Google Scholar [15] R. Mikulevicius and H. Pragarauskas, On the cauchy problem for integro-differential operators in hölder classes and the uniqueness of the martingale problem, Potential Analysis, 40 (2014), 539-563. doi: 10.1007/s11118-013-9359-4. Google Scholar [16] E. M. Stein and T. S. Murphy, Harmonic Analysis: Real-variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, volume 3, Princeton University Press, 1993. Google Scholar

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##### References:
 [1] H. Abels, Pseudodifferential and Singular Integral Operators: An Introduction with Applications, Walter de Gruyter, 2012. Google Scholar [2] H. Dong and S. Kim, Partial schauder estimates for second-order elliptic and parabolic equations, Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, 40 (2011), 481-500. doi: 10.1007/s00526-010-0348-9. Google Scholar [3] H. Dong and S. Kim, Partial schauder estimates for second-order elliptic and parabolic equations: a revisit, arXiv: 1502.00886, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00526-010-0348-9. Google Scholar [4] L. Grafakos, Classical Fourier Analysis, volume 249, Springer, 2008. Google Scholar [5] L. Grafakos, Modern Fourier Analysis, volume 250, Springer, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09434-2. Google Scholar [6] L. Hörmander, The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators III: Pseudo-differential Operators, volume 274, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-49938-1. Google Scholar [7] N. Jacob, Pseudo-Differential Operators & Markov Processes: Generators and Their Potential Theory, volume 2, Imperial College Press, 2002. doi: 10.1142/9781860949562. Google Scholar [8] I. Kim, K.-H. Kim and S. Lim, Parabolic BMO estimates for pseudo-differential operators of arbitrary order, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 427 (2015), 557-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.02.065. Google Scholar [9] I. Kim, S. Lim and K.-H. Kim, An Lq(Lp)-theory for parabolic pseudo-differential equations: Calderón-Zygmund approach,, Potential Analysis, (2016), 1-21. doi: 10.1007/s11118-016-9552-3. Google Scholar [10] N. V. Krylov, The Calderón-Zygmund theorem and parabolic equations in ${L_p}\left({\mathbb{R},{C^{2 + \alpha }}} \right)$-spaces, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa-Classe di Scienze, 1 (2002), 799-820. Google Scholar [11] N. V. Krylov, Lectures on Elliptic and Parabolic Equations in Sobolev Spaces, volume 96, American Mathematical Society Providence, RI, 2008. doi: 10.1090/gsm/096. Google Scholar [12] Y. Lin and S.Z. Lu, Pseudo-differential operators on Sobolev and Lipschitz spaces, Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series, 16 (2010), 131-142. doi: 10.1007/s10114-010-8109-4. Google Scholar [13] L. Lorenzi, Optimal Schauder estimates for parabolic problems with data measurable with respect to time, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 31 (2000), 588-615. doi: 10.1137/S0036141098342842. Google Scholar [14] R. Mikulevičius and H. Pragarauskas, On the Cauchy problem for certain integro-differential operators in Sobolev and Hölder spaces, Lithuanian Mathematical Journal, 32 (1992), 238-264. doi: 10.1007/BF02450422. Google Scholar [15] R. Mikulevicius and H. Pragarauskas, On the cauchy problem for integro-differential operators in hölder classes and the uniqueness of the martingale problem, Potential Analysis, 40 (2014), 539-563. doi: 10.1007/s11118-013-9359-4. Google Scholar [16] E. M. Stein and T. S. Murphy, Harmonic Analysis: Real-variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, volume 3, Princeton University Press, 1993. Google Scholar
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