# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

ISSN:
1556-1801

eISSN:
1556-181X

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## Networks & Heterogeneous Media

December 2015 , Volume 10 , Issue 4

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2015, 10(4): 717-748 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.717 +[Abstract](1492) +[PDF](606.8KB)
Abstract:
This paper studies an optimal decision problem for several groups of drivers on a network of roads. Drivers have different origins and destinations, and different costs, related to their departure and arrival time. On each road the flow is governed by a conservation law, while intersections are modeled using buffers of limited capacity, so that queues can spill backward along roads leading to a crowded intersection. Two main results are proved: (i) the existence of a globally optimal solution, minimizing the sum of the costs to all drivers, and (ii) the existence of a Nash equilibrium solution, where no driver can lower his own cost by changing his departure time or the route taken to reach destination.
2015, 10(4): 749-785 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.749 +[Abstract](1815) +[PDF](1920.3KB)
Abstract:
We consider a system of scalar nonlocal conservation laws on networks that model a highly re-entrant multi-commodity manufacturing system as encountered in semi-conductor production. Every single commodity is modeled by a nonlocal conservation law, and the corresponding PDEs are coupled via a collective load, the work in progress. We illustrate the dynamics for two commodities. In the applications, directed acyclic networks naturally occur, therefore this type of networks is considered. On every edge of the network we have a system of coupled conservation laws with nonlocal velocity. At the junctions the right hand side boundary data of the foregoing edges is passed as left hand side boundary data to the following edges and PDEs. For distributing junctions, where we have more than one outgoing edge, we impose time dependent distribution functions that guarantee conservation of mass. We provide results of regularity, existence and well-posedness of the multi-commodity network model for $L^{p}$-, $BV$- and $W^{1,p}$-data. Moreover, we define an $L^{2}$-tracking type objective and show the existence of minimizers that solve the corresponding optimal control problem.
2015, 10(4): 787-807 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.787 +[Abstract](2179) +[PDF](533.0KB)
Abstract:
We study the practical synchronization of the Kuramoto dynamics of units distributed over networks. The unit dynamics on the nodes of the network are governed by the interplay between their own intrinsic dynamics and Kuramoto coupling dynamics. We present two sufficient conditions for practical synchronization under homogeneous and heterogeneous forcing. For practical synchronization estimates, we employ the configuration diameter as a Lyapunov functional, and derive a Gronwall-type differential inequality for this value.
2015, 10(4): 809-836 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.809 +[Abstract](1536) +[PDF](610.9KB)
Abstract:
We revisit the pioneering work of Bressan & Hong on deterministic control problems in stratified domains, i.e. control problems for which the dynamic and the cost may have discontinuities on submanifolds of $\mathbb{R}^N$. By using slightly different methods, involving more partial differential equations arguments, we $(i)$ slightly improve the assumptions on the dynamic and the cost; $(ii)$ obtain a comparison result for general semi-continuous sub and supersolutions (without any continuity assumptions on the value function nor on the sub/supersolutions); $(iii)$ provide a general framework in which a stability result holds.
2015, 10(4): 837-855 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.837 +[Abstract](1437) +[PDF](502.0KB)
Abstract:
The average distance problem finds application in data parameterization, which involves representing'' the data using lower dimensional objects. From a computational point of view it is often convenient to restrict the unknown to the family of parameterized curves. The original formulation of the average distance problem exhibits several undesirable properties. In this paper we propose an alternative variant: we minimize the functional \begin{equation*} \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^d\times \Gamma_\gamma} |x-y|^p {\,{d}}\Pi(x,y)+\lambda L_\gamma +\varepsilon\alpha(\nu) +\varepsilon' \eta(\gamma)+\varepsilon''\|\gamma'\|_{TV}, \end{equation*} where $\gamma$ varies among the family of parametrized curves, $\nu$ among probability measures on $\gamma$, and $\Pi$ among transport plans between $\mu$ and $\nu$. Here $\lambda,\varepsilon,\varepsilon',\varepsilon''$ are given parameters, $\alpha$ is a penalization term on $\mu$, $\Gamma_\gamma$ (resp. $L_\gamma$) denotes the graph (resp. length) of $\gamma$, and $\|\cdot\|_{TV}$ denotes the total variation semi-norm. We will use techniques from optimal transport theory and calculus of variations. The main aim is to prove essential boundedness, and Lipschitz continuity for Radon-Nikodym derivative of $\nu$, when $(\gamma,\nu,\Pi)$ is a minimizer.
2015, 10(4): 857-876 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.857 +[Abstract](1785) +[PDF](731.7KB)
Abstract:
In this paper we propose a LWR-like model for traffic flow on networks which allows to track several groups of drivers, each of them being characterized only by their destination in the network. The path actually followed to reach the destination is not assigned a priori, and can be chosen by the drivers during the journey, taking decisions at junctions.
The model is then used to describe three possible behaviors of drivers, associated to three different ways to solve the route choice problem: 1. Drivers ignore the presence of the other vehicles; 2. Drivers react to the current distribution of traffic, but they do not forecast what will happen at later times; 3. Drivers take into account the current and future distribution of vehicles. Notice that, in the latter case, we enter the field of differential games, and, if a solution exists, it likely represents a global equilibrium among drivers.
Numerical simulations highlight the differences between the three behaviors and offer insights into the existence of equilibria.
2015, 10(4): 877-896 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.877 +[Abstract](1866) +[PDF](2820.9KB)
Abstract:
In this paper we analyze emergent collective phenomena in the evolution of opinions in a society structured into few interacting nodes of a network. The presented mathematical structure combines two dynamics: a first one on each single node and a second one among the nodes, i.e. in the network. The aim of the model is to analyze the effect of a network structure on a society with respect to opinion dynamics and we show some numerical solutions addressed in this direction, i.e. comparing the emergent behaviors of a consensus-dissent dynamic on a single node when the effect of the network is not considered, with respect to the emergent behaviors when the effect of a network structure linking few interacting nodes is considered. We adopt the framework of the Kinetic Theory for Active Particles (KTAP), deriving a general mathematical structure which allows to deal with nonlinear features of the interactions and representing the conceptual framework toward the derivation of specific models. A specific model is derived from the general mathematical structure by introducing a consensus-dissent dynamics of interactions and a qualitative analysis is given.
2015, 10(4): 897-948 doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.897 +[Abstract](1843) +[PDF](618.4KB)
Abstract:
In this paper, we study the connection between the bifurcation of diffuse transition layers and that of the underlying limit interfacial problem in a degenerate spatially inhomogeneous medium. In dimension one, we prove the existence of bifurcation of diffuse interfaces in a pitchfork spatial inhomogeneity for a partial differential equation with bistable type nonlinearity. Bifurcation point is characterized quantitatively as well. The main conclusion is that the bifurcation diagram of the diffuse transition layers inherits mostly from that of the zeros of the spatial inhomogeneity. However, explicit examples are given for which the bifurcation of these two are different in terms of (im)perfection. This is a continuation of [8] which makes use of bilinear nonlinearity allowing the use of explicit solution formula. In the current work, we extend the results to a general smooth nonlinear function. We perform detail analysis of the principal eigenvalue and eigenfunction of some singularly perturbed eigenvalue problems and their interaction with the background inhomogeneity. This is the first result that takes into account simultaneously the interaction between singular perturbation, spatial inhomogeneity and bifurcation.

2018  Impact Factor: 0.871