# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

February 2018, 1(1): 11-48. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2018002

## Exploring timeliness for accurate recommendation in location-based social networks

 1 Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA 3 School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China

Received  September 2017 Revised  November 2017 Published  February 2018

An individual's location history in the real world implies his or her interests and behaviors. This paper analyzes and understands the process of Collaborative Filtering (CF) approach, which mines an individual's preference from his/her geographic location histories and recommends locations based on the similarities between the user and others. We find that a CF-based recommendation process can be summarized as a sequence of multiplications between a transition matrix and visited-location matrix. The transition matrix is usually approximated by the user's interest matrix that reflect the similarity among users, regarding to their interest in visiting different locations. The visited-location matrix provides the history of visited locations of all users, which is currently available to the recommendation system. We find that recommendation results will converge if and only if the transition matrix remains unchanged; otherwise, the recommendations will be valid for only a certain period of time. Based on our analysis, a novel location-based accurate recommendation (LAR) method is proposed, which considers the semantic meaning and category information of locations, as well as the timeliness of recommending results, to make accurate recommendations. We evaluated the precision and recall rates of LAR, using a large-scale real-world data set collected from Brightkite. Evaluation results confirm that LAR offers more accurate recommendations, comparing to the state-of-art approaches.

Citation: Yi Xu, Qing Yang, Dianhui Chu. Exploring timeliness for accurate recommendation in location-based social networks. Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2018, 1 (1) : 11-48. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2018002
##### References:
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##### References:
 [1] G. Adomavicius and A. Tuzhilin, Toward the next generation of recommender systems: A survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions, IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng, 734-749. [2] Y. Arase, X. Xie, M. Duan, T. Hara and S. Nishio, A game based approach to assign geographical relevance to web images, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World Wide Web, (2009), 811-820. doi: 10.1145/1526709.1526818. [3] Y. Arase, X. Xie, T. Hara and S. Nishio, Mining people's trips from large scale geo-tagged photos, Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, (2010), 133-142. doi: 10.1145/1873951.1873971. [4] M. Attarl, M. Manguoglu, I. Toroslu H, P. Symeonidis, P. Senkul and Y. Manolopoulos, Geoactivity recommendations by using improved feature combination, Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, 996-1003. [5] L. Backstrom and J. Leskovec, Supervised random walks: Predicting and recommending links in social networks, ACM, (2011), 635-644. doi: 10.1145/1935826.1935914. [6] J. Bao, Y. Zheng and M. Mokbel, Location-based and preference-aware recommendation using sparse geo-social networking data, SIGSPATIAL '12 Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, (2012), 199-208. doi: 10.1145/2424321.2424348. [7] B. Berjani and T. Strufe, A recommendation system for spots in location-based online social networks, Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Social Network Systems, (2011), Article No. 4. doi: 10.1145/1989656.1989660. [8] D. Brockmann, L. Hufnagel and T. Geisel, The scaling laws of human travel, Nature, 439 (2006), 462-465. doi: 10.1038/nature04292. [9] J. Cai, Z. Li, M. Yan and Y. Li, Using crowdsourced data in location-based social networks to explore influence maximization, in Computer Communications, IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, 2016, 1-9. doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2016.7524471. [10] X. Cao, G. Cong and C. Jensen, Mining significant semantic locations from gps data, Proc VLDB Endowment, 3 (2010), 1009-1020. doi: 10.14778/1920841.1920968. [11] R. Cheng, J. Pang and Y. Zhang, Inferring friendship from check-in data of location-based social networks, ASONAM, (2015), 1284-1291. doi: 10.1145/2808797.2808884. [12] C.-Y. Chow, J. Bao and M. Mokbel, Towards location-based social networking services, ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Location Based Social Networks, (2010), 31-38. doi: 10.1145/1867699.1867706. [13] M. Cowles Kathryn and B. Carlin P, Markov chain monte carlo convergence diagnostics: A comparative review, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91 (1996), 883-904. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476956. [14] W. Gilks, S. Richardson and D. Spiegelhalter, Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice, Interdisciplinary Statistics. Chapman & Hall, London, 1996. [15] W. Gilks, S. Richardson and D. Spiegelhalter, Studying convergence of markov chain monte carlo algorithms using coupled sample paths, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91 (1996), 154-166. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476672. [16] L. Herlocker J, A. Konstan J, A. Borchers and J. Riedl, An algorithmic framework for performing collaborative filtering, SIGIR, 230-237. [17] K. Kodama, Y. Iijima, X. Guo and Y. Ishikawa, Skyline queries based on user locations and preferences for making location-based recommendations, ACM, (2009), 9-16. doi: 10.1145/1629890.1629893. [18] X. Li, Q. Yang, X. Lin, S. Wu and M. Wittie, itrust: Interpersonal trust measurements from social interactions, IEEE Network, 30 (2016), 54-58. doi: 10.1109/MNET.2016.7513864. [19] Y. Liang, Z. Cai, Q. Han and Y. Li, Location privacy leakage through sensory data, Security and Communication Networks, 2017 (2017), Article ID 7576307, 12 pages. doi: 10.1155/2017/7576307. [20] G. Linden, B. Smith and J. York, Amazon.com recommendations: Item-to-item collaborative filtering, IEEE Computer Society, 7 (2003), 76-80. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2003.1167344. [21] G. Liu, Q. Chen, Q. Yang, B. Zhu, H. Wang and W. Wang, Opinionwalk: An efficient solution to massive trust assessment in online social networks, in INFOCOM 2017-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, IEEE, IEEE, 2017, 1-9. [22] G. Liu, Q. Yang, H. Wang, X. Lin and M. P. Wittie, Assessment of multi-hop interpersonal trust in social networks by three-valued subjective logic, in INFOCOM, 2014 Proceedings IEEE, IEEE, 2014, 1698-1706. doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2014.6848107. [23] G. Liu, Q. Yang, H. Wang, S. Wu and M. P. Wittie, Uncovering the mystery of trust in an online social network, in Communications and Network Security (CNS), 2015 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2015, 488-496. [24] C.-T. Lu, P.-R. Lei, W.-C. Peng and I.-J. Su, A framework of mining semantic regions from trajectories, International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, (2011), 193-207. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20149-3_16. [25] A. Noulas, S. Scellato, C. Mascolo and M. Pontil, Exploiting semantic annotations for clustering geographic areas and users in location-based social networks, Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. [26] A. Noulas, S. Scellato, N. Lathia and C. Mascolo, Mining user mobility features for next place prediction in location-based services, IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining, (2012), 1038-1043. doi: 10.1109/ICDM.2012.113. [27] I. Rhee, M. Shin, S. Hong, K. Lee, S. Kim Joon and S. Chong, On the levy-walk nature of human mobility, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), (2008). doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2008.145s. [28] L. Rossi and M. Musolesi, It's the way you check-in: Identifying users in location-based social networks, COSN, (2014), 215-226. doi: 10.1145/2660460.2660485. [29] J. Sang, T. Mei and C. Xu, Activity sensor: Check-in usage mining for local recommendation, ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST), 6 (2015), Article No. 41. doi: 10.1145/2700468. [30] B. Sarwar, G. Karypis, J. Konstan and J. Riedl, Item-based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms, WWW '01 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on World Wide Web, (2001), 285-295. doi: 10.1145/371920.372071. [31] M. Sarwat, J. Levandoski J., A. Eldawy and M. Mokbel, Lars*: An efficient and scalable location-aware recommender system, Transactions ON Knowledge and Data Engineering, 26 (2014), 1384-1399. doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2013.29. [32] X. Su and K. Taghi M., A survey of collaborative filtering techniques, Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 2009 (2009), Article ID 421425, 19 pages. doi: 10.1155/2009/421425. [33] Z. Su, Y. Hui and Q. Yang, The next generation vehicular networks: A content-centric framework, IEEE Wireless Communications, 24 (2017), 60-66. doi: 10.1109/MWC.2017.1600195WC. [34] Z. Su, Q. Xu, F. Hou, Q. Yang and Q. Qi, Edge caching for layered video contents in mobile social networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 19 (2017), 2210-2221. doi: 10.1109/TMM.2017.2733338. [35] Y. Wang, G. Yin, Z. Cai, Y. Dong and H. Dong, A trust-based probabilistic recommendation model for social networks, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 55 (2015), 59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2015.04.007. [36] Y. Wang, N. Yuan Jing, D. Lian, L. Xu, X. Xie, E. Chen and Y. Rui, Regularity and conformity: Location prediction using heterogeneous mobility data, ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, (2015), 1275-1284. doi: 10.1145/2783258.2783350. [37] J. Weston, C. Wang, R. Weiss and A. Berenzweig, Latent collaborative retrieval, Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning, 9-16. [38] X. Xiao, Q. Zheng, Yu andLuo and X. Xie, Finding similar users using category-based location history, GIS, (2010), 442-445. doi: 10.1145/1869790.1869857. [39] L. Xiong, X. Chen, T.-K. Huang, J. Schneider G and G. Carbonell, Temporal collaborative filtering with bayesian probabilistic tensor factorization, Siam International Conference on Data Mining, (2010), 211-222. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611972801.19. [40] D. Yang, D. Zhang, V. Zheng W and Z. 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Overview a location-based social network
Influence of training size to the precision
Cosine similarity between the transition and similarity matrix
Average number of new visited location changes through each month
Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of time interval between timelinesss
Precision and recall of CF with or without K-means clustering and SVD
Influence of data sparsity and category to the recommendation rate (recall ratio) where number of recommendations $k = 20$
Influence of constant and dynamic similarity to the recommendation rate (precision ratio) where $N$ is number of multiplications
Recommendation timeliness comparison for constant similarity matrix and dynamic similarity matrix
Similarity of the eigenvector of transition matrix and similarity matrix comparisons of our method and the three benchmarks
The recommendation rate of our method and the three baseline varying in the recommendation timeliness (month)
The empirical CDF of time intervals of our method and the three benchmarks except CF varying in the recommendation period time (month)
Precisions and recalls of LAR, CF, LGS and GeoSoCa
An example of user-item matrix
 Apple Pear Grape Watermelon Alice Like Like Dislike Dislike Bob Dislike Like Like Chris Dislike Like Tony Like Dislike
 Apple Pear Grape Watermelon Alice Like Like Dislike Dislike Bob Dislike Like Like Chris Dislike Like Tony Like Dislike
A summary of precision and recall ratios of the four approaches
 Models Precision Recall Avg.Precision Avg.Recall CF 0.51 0.69 0.3573 0.6395 LGS 0.59 0.77 0.3682 0.6762 GeoSoCa 0.58 0.76 0.3657 0.6684 LAR 0.62 0.83 0.4582 0.7523
 Models Precision Recall Avg.Precision Avg.Recall CF 0.51 0.69 0.3573 0.6395 LGS 0.59 0.77 0.3682 0.6762 GeoSoCa 0.58 0.76 0.3657 0.6684 LAR 0.62 0.83 0.4582 0.7523
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