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October 2018, 14(4): 1479-1500. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018017

## Scheduling family jobs on an unbounded parallel-batch machine to minimize makespan and maximum flow time

 School of Mathematics and Statistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China

* Corresponding author: Jinjiang Yuan

Received  February 2017 Revised  August 2017 Published  January 2018

Fund Project: The authors are supported by NSFC (11671368), NSFC (11571321), and NSFC (11771406)

This paper investigates the scheduling of family jobs with release dates on an unbounded parallel-batch machine. The involved objective functions are makespan and maximum flow time. It was reported in the literature that the single-criterion problem for minimizing makespan is strongly NP-hard when the number of families is arbitrary, and is polynomially solvable when the number of families is fixed. We first show in this paper that the single-criterion problem for minimizing maximum flow time is also strongly NP-hard when the number of families is arbitrary. We further show that the Pareto optimization problem (also called bicriteria problem) for minimizing makespan and maximum flow time is polynomially solvable when the number of families is fixed, by enumerating all Pareto optimal points in polynomial time. This implies that the single-criterion problem for minimizing maximum flow time is also polynomially solvable when the number of families is fixed.

Citation: Zhichao Geng, Jinjiang Yuan. Scheduling family jobs on an unbounded parallel-batch machine to minimize makespan and maximum flow time. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2018, 14 (4) : 1479-1500. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018017
##### References:
 [1] A. Allahverdi, C. T. Ng, T. C. E. Cheng and M. Y. Kovalyov, A survey of scheduling problems with setup times or costs, European Journal of Operational Research, 187 (2008), 985-1032. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.06.060. [2] J. Bai, Z. R. Li and X. Huang, Single-machine group scheduling with general deterioration and learning effects, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36 (2012), 1267-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2011.07.068. [3] P. Brucker, A. Gladky, H. Hoogeveen, M. Y. Kovalyov, C. N. Potts and T. Tautenhahn, Scheduling a batching machine, Journal of Scheduling, 1 (1998), 31-54. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1425(199806)1:1<31::AID-JOS4>3.0.CO;2-R. [4] K. Chakhlevitch, C. A. Glass and H. Kellerer, Batch machine production with perishability time windows and limited batch size, European Journal of Operational Research, 210 (2011), 39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.10.033. [5] T. C. E. Cheng, Z. H. Liu and W. C. Yu, Scheduling jobs with release dates and deadlines on a batch processing machine, IIE Transactions, 33 (2001), 685-690. [6] Y. Gao and J. J. Yuan, A note on Pareto minimizing total completion time and maximum cost, Operational Research Letter, 43 (2015), 80-82. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2014.12.001. [7] Z. C. Geng and J. J. Yuan, Pareto optimization scheduling of family jobs on a p-batch machine to minimize makespan and maximum lateness, Theoretical Computer Science, 570 (2015), 22-29. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2014.12.020. [8] Z. C. Geng and J. J. Yuan, A note on unbounded parallel-batch scheduling, Information Processing Letters, 115 (2015), 969-974. doi: 10.1016/j.ipl.2015.07.002. [9] C. He, Y. X. Lin and J. J. Yuan, Bicriteria scheduling on a batching machine to minimize maximum lateness and makespan, Theoretical Computer Science, 381 (2007), 234-240. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2007.04.034. [10] H. Hoogeveen, Multicriteria scheduling, European Journal of Operational Research, 167 (2005), 592-623. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2004.07.011. [11] J. A. Hoogeveen, Single-machine scheduling to minimize a function of two or three maximum cost criteria, Journal of Algorithms, 21 (1996), 415-433. doi: 10.1006/jagm.1996.0051. [12] J. A. Hoogeveen and S. L. van de Velde, Minimizing total completion time and maximum cost simultaneously is solvable in polynomial time, Operations Research Letters, 17 (1995), 205-208. doi: 10.1016/0167-6377(95)00023-D. [13] J. A. Hoogeveen and S. L. van de Velde, Scheduling with target start times, European Journal of Operational Research, 129 (2001), 87-94. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00426-9. [14] Y. Ikura and M. Gimple, Efficient scheduling algorithms for a single batch processing machine, Operations Research Letters, 5 (1986), 61-65. doi: 10.1016/0167-6377(86)90104-5. [15] F. Jolai, Minimizing number of tardy jobs on a batch processing machine with incompatible job families, European Journal of Operational Research, 162 (2005), 184-190. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2003.10.011. [16] C. Y. Lee, R. Uzsoy and L. A. Martin-Vega, Efficient algorithms for scheduling semi-conductor burn-in operations, Operations Research, 40 (1992), 764-775. doi: 10.1287/opre.40.4.764. [17] S. S. Li and R. X. Chen, Single-machine parallel-batching scheduling with family jobs to minimize weighted number of tardy jobs, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 73 (2014), 5-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2014.04.007. [18] S. S. Li, C. T. Ng, T. C. E. Cheng and J. J. Yuan, Parallel-batch scheduling of deteriorating jobs with release dates to minimize the makespan, European Journal of Operational Research, 210 (2011), 482-488. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.11.021. [19] S. S. Li and J. J. Yuan, Parallel-machine parallel-batching scheduling with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 19 (2010), 84-93. doi: 10.1007/s10878-008-9163-z. [20] Z. H. Liu and W. C. Yu, Scheduling one batch processor subject to job release dates, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 105 (2000), 129-136. doi: 10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00181-5. [21] L. L. Liu and F. Zhang, Minimizing the number of tardy jobs on a batch processing machine with incompatible job families, ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, 3 (2008), 277-280. doi: 10.1109/CCCM.2008.107. [22] Z. H. Liu, J. J. Yuan and T. C. E. Cheng, On scheduling an unbounded batch machine, Operations Research Letters, 31 (2003), 42-48. doi: 10.1016/S0167-6377(02)00186-4. [23] S. Malve and R. Uzsoy, A genetic algorithm for minimizing maximum lateness on parallel identical batch processing machines with dynamic job arrivals and incompatible job families, Computers and Operations Research, 34 (2007), 3016-3028. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2005.11.011. [24] C. X. Miao, Y. Z. Zhang and Z. G. Cao, Bounded parallel-batch scheduling on single and multi machines for deteriorating jobs, Information Processing Letters, 111 (2011), 798-803. doi: 10.1016/j.ipl.2011.05.018. [25] Q. Q. Nong, C. T. Ng and T. C. E. Cheng, The bounded single-machine parallel-batching scheduling problem with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Operations Research Letters, 36 (2008), 61-66. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2007.01.007. [26] E. S. Pan, G. N. Wang, L. F. Xi, L. Chen and X. L. Han, Single-machine group scheduling problem considering learning, forgetting effects and preventive maintenance, International Journal of Production Research, 52 (2014), 5690-5704. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2014.904967. [27] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, A. Migdalas and S. L. Yang, Serial-batching scheduling with time-dependent Setup time and effects of deterioration and learning on a single-machine, Journal of Global Optimization, 67 (2017), 251-262. doi: 10.1007/s10898-015-0320-5. [28] J. Pei, B. Y. Cheng, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos and M. Kong, Single-machine and parallel-machine serial-batching scheduling problems with position-based learning effect and linear setup time, Annals of Operations Research, (2017), 1-25. doi: 10.1007/s10479-017-2481-8. [29] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Single machine serial-batching scheduling with independent setup time and deteriorating job processing times, Optimization Letters, 9 (2015), 91-104. doi: 10.1007/s11590-014-0740-z. [30] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Scheduling deteriorating jobs on a single serial-batching machine with multiple job types and sequence-dependent setup times, Annals of Operations Research, 249 (2017), 175-195. doi: 10.1007/s10479-015-1824-6. [31] J. Pei, P. M. Pardalos, X. B. Liu, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Serial batching scheduling of deteriorating jobs in a two-stage supply chain to minimize the makespan, European Journal of Operational Research, 244 (2015), 13-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.11.034. [32] C. N. Potts and M. Y. Kovalyov, Scheduling with batching: a review, European Journal of Operational Research, 120 (2000), 228-249. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00153-8. [33] X. L. Qi, S. G. Zhou and J. J. Yuan, Single machine parallel-batch scheduling with dete-riorating jobs, Theoretical Computer Science, 410 (2009), 830-836. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2008.11.009. [34] V. T'kindt and J. C. Billaut, Multicriteria Scheduling: Theory, Models and Algorithms, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer, Berlin, 2006. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-04986-0. [35] H. Xuan and L. X. Tang, Scheduling a hybrid flowshop with batch production at the last stage, Computers and Operations Research, 34 (2007), 2718-2733. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2005.10.014. [36] J. J. Yuan, Z. H. Liu, C. T. Ng and T. C. E. Cheng, The unbounded single machine parallel batch scheduling problem with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Theoretical Computer Science, 320 (2004), 199-212. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2004.01.038.

show all references

##### References:
 [1] A. Allahverdi, C. T. Ng, T. C. E. Cheng and M. Y. Kovalyov, A survey of scheduling problems with setup times or costs, European Journal of Operational Research, 187 (2008), 985-1032. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.06.060. [2] J. Bai, Z. R. Li and X. Huang, Single-machine group scheduling with general deterioration and learning effects, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36 (2012), 1267-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2011.07.068. [3] P. Brucker, A. Gladky, H. Hoogeveen, M. Y. Kovalyov, C. N. Potts and T. Tautenhahn, Scheduling a batching machine, Journal of Scheduling, 1 (1998), 31-54. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1425(199806)1:1<31::AID-JOS4>3.0.CO;2-R. [4] K. Chakhlevitch, C. A. Glass and H. Kellerer, Batch machine production with perishability time windows and limited batch size, European Journal of Operational Research, 210 (2011), 39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.10.033. [5] T. C. E. Cheng, Z. H. Liu and W. C. Yu, Scheduling jobs with release dates and deadlines on a batch processing machine, IIE Transactions, 33 (2001), 685-690. [6] Y. Gao and J. J. Yuan, A note on Pareto minimizing total completion time and maximum cost, Operational Research Letter, 43 (2015), 80-82. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2014.12.001. [7] Z. C. Geng and J. J. Yuan, Pareto optimization scheduling of family jobs on a p-batch machine to minimize makespan and maximum lateness, Theoretical Computer Science, 570 (2015), 22-29. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2014.12.020. [8] Z. C. Geng and J. J. Yuan, A note on unbounded parallel-batch scheduling, Information Processing Letters, 115 (2015), 969-974. doi: 10.1016/j.ipl.2015.07.002. [9] C. He, Y. X. Lin and J. J. Yuan, Bicriteria scheduling on a batching machine to minimize maximum lateness and makespan, Theoretical Computer Science, 381 (2007), 234-240. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2007.04.034. [10] H. Hoogeveen, Multicriteria scheduling, European Journal of Operational Research, 167 (2005), 592-623. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2004.07.011. [11] J. A. Hoogeveen, Single-machine scheduling to minimize a function of two or three maximum cost criteria, Journal of Algorithms, 21 (1996), 415-433. doi: 10.1006/jagm.1996.0051. [12] J. A. Hoogeveen and S. L. van de Velde, Minimizing total completion time and maximum cost simultaneously is solvable in polynomial time, Operations Research Letters, 17 (1995), 205-208. doi: 10.1016/0167-6377(95)00023-D. [13] J. A. Hoogeveen and S. L. van de Velde, Scheduling with target start times, European Journal of Operational Research, 129 (2001), 87-94. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00426-9. [14] Y. Ikura and M. Gimple, Efficient scheduling algorithms for a single batch processing machine, Operations Research Letters, 5 (1986), 61-65. doi: 10.1016/0167-6377(86)90104-5. [15] F. Jolai, Minimizing number of tardy jobs on a batch processing machine with incompatible job families, European Journal of Operational Research, 162 (2005), 184-190. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2003.10.011. [16] C. Y. Lee, R. Uzsoy and L. A. Martin-Vega, Efficient algorithms for scheduling semi-conductor burn-in operations, Operations Research, 40 (1992), 764-775. doi: 10.1287/opre.40.4.764. [17] S. S. Li and R. X. Chen, Single-machine parallel-batching scheduling with family jobs to minimize weighted number of tardy jobs, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 73 (2014), 5-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2014.04.007. [18] S. S. Li, C. T. Ng, T. C. E. Cheng and J. J. Yuan, Parallel-batch scheduling of deteriorating jobs with release dates to minimize the makespan, European Journal of Operational Research, 210 (2011), 482-488. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.11.021. [19] S. S. Li and J. J. Yuan, Parallel-machine parallel-batching scheduling with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 19 (2010), 84-93. doi: 10.1007/s10878-008-9163-z. [20] Z. H. Liu and W. C. Yu, Scheduling one batch processor subject to job release dates, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 105 (2000), 129-136. doi: 10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00181-5. [21] L. L. Liu and F. Zhang, Minimizing the number of tardy jobs on a batch processing machine with incompatible job families, ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, 3 (2008), 277-280. doi: 10.1109/CCCM.2008.107. [22] Z. H. Liu, J. J. Yuan and T. C. E. Cheng, On scheduling an unbounded batch machine, Operations Research Letters, 31 (2003), 42-48. doi: 10.1016/S0167-6377(02)00186-4. [23] S. Malve and R. Uzsoy, A genetic algorithm for minimizing maximum lateness on parallel identical batch processing machines with dynamic job arrivals and incompatible job families, Computers and Operations Research, 34 (2007), 3016-3028. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2005.11.011. [24] C. X. Miao, Y. Z. Zhang and Z. G. Cao, Bounded parallel-batch scheduling on single and multi machines for deteriorating jobs, Information Processing Letters, 111 (2011), 798-803. doi: 10.1016/j.ipl.2011.05.018. [25] Q. Q. Nong, C. T. Ng and T. C. E. Cheng, The bounded single-machine parallel-batching scheduling problem with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Operations Research Letters, 36 (2008), 61-66. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2007.01.007. [26] E. S. Pan, G. N. Wang, L. F. Xi, L. Chen and X. L. Han, Single-machine group scheduling problem considering learning, forgetting effects and preventive maintenance, International Journal of Production Research, 52 (2014), 5690-5704. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2014.904967. [27] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, A. Migdalas and S. L. Yang, Serial-batching scheduling with time-dependent Setup time and effects of deterioration and learning on a single-machine, Journal of Global Optimization, 67 (2017), 251-262. doi: 10.1007/s10898-015-0320-5. [28] J. Pei, B. Y. Cheng, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos and M. Kong, Single-machine and parallel-machine serial-batching scheduling problems with position-based learning effect and linear setup time, Annals of Operations Research, (2017), 1-25. doi: 10.1007/s10479-017-2481-8. [29] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Single machine serial-batching scheduling with independent setup time and deteriorating job processing times, Optimization Letters, 9 (2015), 91-104. doi: 10.1007/s11590-014-0740-z. [30] J. Pei, X. B. Liu, P. M. Pardalos, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Scheduling deteriorating jobs on a single serial-batching machine with multiple job types and sequence-dependent setup times, Annals of Operations Research, 249 (2017), 175-195. doi: 10.1007/s10479-015-1824-6. [31] J. Pei, P. M. Pardalos, X. B. Liu, W. J. Fan and S. L. Yang, Serial batching scheduling of deteriorating jobs in a two-stage supply chain to minimize the makespan, European Journal of Operational Research, 244 (2015), 13-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.11.034. [32] C. N. Potts and M. Y. Kovalyov, Scheduling with batching: a review, European Journal of Operational Research, 120 (2000), 228-249. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00153-8. [33] X. L. Qi, S. G. Zhou and J. J. Yuan, Single machine parallel-batch scheduling with dete-riorating jobs, Theoretical Computer Science, 410 (2009), 830-836. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2008.11.009. [34] V. T'kindt and J. C. Billaut, Multicriteria Scheduling: Theory, Models and Algorithms, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer, Berlin, 2006. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-04986-0. [35] H. Xuan and L. X. Tang, Scheduling a hybrid flowshop with batch production at the last stage, Computers and Operations Research, 34 (2007), 2718-2733. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2005.10.014. [36] J. J. Yuan, Z. H. Liu, C. T. Ng and T. C. E. Cheng, The unbounded single machine parallel batch scheduling problem with family jobs and release dates to minimize makespan, Theoretical Computer Science, 320 (2004), 199-212. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2004.01.038.
The structure of the scheduling problem
An intuitive interpretation of the proposed algorithm
The definitions of the abbreviations/notations
 Abbreviation/Notation Definition ERD earliest release date first (rule) PoP Pareto optimal point PoS Pareto optimal schedule ERD-family scheule a schedule of family jobs defined in the first paragraph in section 3.1 ${\mathcal F}_f$ the $f$-th job family $f$-job a job which belongs to family ${\mathcal F}_f$ $f$-batch a p-bath which only includes $f$-jobs $J_{f, j}$ the $j$-th job in family ${\mathcal F}_f$ $J_{j}$ a general job $p_{j}~(p_{f, j})$/$r_{j}~(r_{f, j})$ the processing time/the release dates of job $J_{j}~(J_{f, j})$ $n_f$ the number of jobs in family ${\mathcal F}_f$ $(b  Abbreviation/Notation Definition ERD earliest release date first (rule) PoP Pareto optimal point PoS Pareto optimal schedule ERD-family scheule a schedule of family jobs defined in the first paragraph in section 3.1${\mathcal F}_f$the$f$-th job family$f$-job a job which belongs to family${\mathcal F}_ff$-batch a p-bath which only includes$f$-jobs$J_{f, j}$the$j$-th job in family${\mathcal F}_fJ_{j}$a general job$p_{j}~(p_{f, j})$/$r_{j}~(r_{f, j})$the processing time/the release dates of job$J_{j}~(J_{f, j})n_f$the number of jobs in family${\mathcal F}_f(b
The jobs in family ${\mathcal F}_1$
 ${\mathcal F}_1$ $J_{1, 1}$ $J_{1, 2}$ $J_{1, 3}$ $J_{1, 4}$ $J_{1, 5}$ $J_{1, 6}$ $J_{1, 7}$ $J_{1, 8}$ $J_{1, 9}$ $J_{1, 10}$ $r_{1, i}$ 0 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 14 17 $p_{1, i}$ 2 2 4 5 7 12 3 6 1 3
 ${\mathcal F}_1$ $J_{1, 1}$ $J_{1, 2}$ $J_{1, 3}$ $J_{1, 4}$ $J_{1, 5}$ $J_{1, 6}$ $J_{1, 7}$ $J_{1, 8}$ $J_{1, 9}$ $J_{1, 10}$ $r_{1, i}$ 0 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 14 17 $p_{1, i}$ 2 2 4 5 7 12 3 6 1 3
The jobs in family ${\mathcal F}_2$
 ${\mathcal F}_1$ $J_{1, 1}$ $J_{1, 2}$ $J_{1, 3}$ $J_{1, 4}$ $J_{1, 5}$ $J_{1, 6}$ $J_{1, 7}$ $J_{1, 8}$ $J_{1, 9}$ $J_{1, 10}$ $r_{1, i}$ 1 2 4 6 8 10 11 14 16 19 $p_{1, i}$ 2 1 1 4 3 8 10 2 11 9
 ${\mathcal F}_1$ $J_{1, 1}$ $J_{1, 2}$ $J_{1, 3}$ $J_{1, 4}$ $J_{1, 5}$ $J_{1, 6}$ $J_{1, 7}$ $J_{1, 8}$ $J_{1, 9}$ $J_{1, 10}$ $r_{1, i}$ 1 2 4 6 8 10 11 14 16 19 $p_{1, i}$ 2 1 1 4 3 8 10 2 11 9
The PoPs of the instances
 jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs ${\mathcal J}(1, 1)$ $(4, 3)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 2)$ $(4, 3)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 1)$ $(6, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 2)$ $(6, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 3)$ $(5, 3)$ $(5, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 3)$ $(5, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 1)$ $(8, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 2)$ $(8, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 3)$ $(9, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 4)$ $(2, 2)$ $(7, 7)$ $(7, 7)$ $(8, 7)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 4)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 4)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 5)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 5)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 5)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(9, 6)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 6)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 6)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 6)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 6)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 6)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 7)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 7)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 7)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 7)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 7)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ $(21, 13)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 8)$ $(2, 2)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 8)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 8)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 8)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 8)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ $(23, 13)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ $(23, 13)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 9)$ $(2, 2)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 9)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 9)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 9)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 9)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 9)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 9)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ $(23, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 10)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 10)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 10)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 10)$ $(9, 6)$ $(24, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 10)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 10)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 10)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ $(23, 17)$ $(24, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 4)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 5)$ $(18, 10)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$
 jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs jobs PoPs ${\mathcal J}(1, 1)$ $(4, 3)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 2)$ $(4, 3)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 1)$ $(6, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 2)$ $(6, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 3)$ $(5, 3)$ $(5, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 3)$ $(5, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 1)$ $(8, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 2)$ $(8, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 3)$ $(9, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 4)$ $(2, 2)$ $(7, 7)$ $(7, 7)$ $(8, 7)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 4)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 4)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 5)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 5)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 5)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(9, 6)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 6)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 6)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 6)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 6)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 6)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 7)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 7)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 7)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 7)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 7)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ $(21, 13)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 8)$ $(2, 2)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 8)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 8)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 8)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 8)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ $(23, 13)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ $(23, 13)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 9)$ $(2, 2)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 9)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 9)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 9)$ $(9, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 9)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 9)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 9)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ $(23, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ $(12, 6)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(1, 10)$ $(2, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(2, 10)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(3, 10)$ $(7, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(4, 10)$ $(9, 6)$ $(24, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(5, 10)$ $(13, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(6, 10)$ $(19, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(7, 10)$ $(21, 15)$ ${\mathcal J}(8, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(9, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ $(23, 17)$ $(24, 17)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 4)$ $(13, 5)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 5)$ $(18, 10)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 1)$ $(3, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 2)$ $(4, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 3)$ $(5, 2)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 4)$ $(10, 4)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 5)$ $(13, 5)$ $(12, 6)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 6)$ $(18, 10)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 7)$ $(22, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 8)$ $(24, 12)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 9)$ $(25, 16)$ ${\mathcal J}(10, 10)$ $(25, 16)$ $(21, 13)$ $(23, 13)$
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2017 Impact Factor: 0.994