# American Institue of Mathematical Sciences

## Asymptotic behavior of random Fitzhugh-Nagumo systems driven by colored noise

 1 School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China 2 Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA

Received  July 2017 Revised  August 2017 Published  January 2018

Fund Project: The first author was supported by China Scholarship Council (No. 201608505082)

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of random attractors for the FitzHugh-Nagumo system driven by colored noise with a nonlinear diffusion term. We demonstrate that the colored noise is much easier to deal with than the white noise for studying the pathwise dynamics of stochastic systems. In addition, we show the attractors of the random FitzHugh-Nagumo system driven by a linear multiplicative colored noise converge to that of the corresponding stochastic system driven by a linear multiplicative white noise.

Citation: Anhui Gu, Bixiang Wang. Asymptotic behavior of random Fitzhugh-Nagumo systems driven by colored noise. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018072
##### References:
 [1] P. Acquistapace, B. Terreni, An approach to Itö linear equations in Hilbert spaces by approximation of white noise with coloured noise, Stochastic Anal. Appl., 2 (1984), 131-186. doi: 10.1080/07362998408809031. [2] A. Adili, B. Wang, Random attractors for stochastic FitzHugh-Nagumo systems driven by deterministic non-autonomous forcing, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 18 (2013), 643-666. [3] V. Anishchenko, V. Astakhov, A. Neiman, T. Vadivasova and L. Schimansky-Geier, Nonlinear Dynamics of Chaotic and Stochastic Systems: Tutorial and Modern Developments, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2007. [4] L. Arnold, Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory and Applications, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974. [5] L. Arnold, Random Dynamical Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. [6] P. W. Bates, H. Lisei, K. Lu, Attractors for stochastic lattice dynamical systems, Stoch. Dyn., 6 (2006), 1-21. doi: 10.1142/S0219493706001621. [7] P. W. Bates, K. Lu, B. Wang, Random attractors for stochastic reaction-diffusion equations on unbounded domains, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 845-869. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.05.017. [8] W. J. Beyn, B. Gess, P. Lescot, M. Röckner, The global random attractor for a class of stochastic porous media equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 36 (2011), 446-469. [9] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, J. Valero, Non-autonomous and random attractors for delay random semilinear equations without uniqueness, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 21 (2008), 415-443. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.415. [10] T. Caraballo, J. Real, I. Chueshov, Pullback attractors for stochastic heat equations in materials with memory, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 9 (2008), 525-539. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.9.525. [11] T. Caraballo, J. Langa, On the upper semicontinuity of cocycle attractors for non-autonomous and random dynamical systems, Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems Series A: Mathematical Analysis, 10 (2003), 491-513. [12] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, J. Valero, Asymptotic behaviour of a stochastic semilinear dissipative functional equation without uniqueness of solutions, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 14 (2010), 439-455. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2010.14.439. [13] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, T. Taniguchi, The existence and exponential behavior of solutions to stochastic delay evolution equations with a fractional Brownian motion, Nonlinear Anal., 74 (2011), 3671-3684. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2011.02.047. [14] T. Caraballo, J. Langa, V. S. Melnik, J. Valero, Pullback attractors for nonautonomous and stochastic multivalued dynamical systems, Set-Valued Analysis, 11 (2003), 153-201. doi: 10.1023/A:1022902802385. [15] I. Chueshov, M. Scheutzow, On the structure of attractors and invariant measures for a class of monotone random systems, Dynamical Systems, 19 (2004), 127-144. doi: 10.1080/1468936042000207792. [16] H. Crauel, A. Debussche, F. Flandoli, Random attractors, J. Dyn. Diff. Eqns., 9 (1997), 307-341. doi: 10.1007/BF02219225. [17] J. Doob, The Brownian movement and stochastic equations, Annals of Math., 43 (1942), 351-369. doi: 10.2307/1968873. [18] H. Crauel, F. Flandoli, Attractors for random dynamical systems, Probab. Th. Re. Fields, 100 (1994), 365-393. doi: 10.1007/BF01193705. [19] J. Duan, B. Schmalfuss, The 3D quasigeostrophic fluid dynamics under random forcing on boundary, Comm. Math. Sci., 1 (2003), 133-151. doi: 10.4310/CMS.2003.v1.n1.a9. [20] R. FitzHugh, Impulses and physiological states in theoretical models of nerve membrane, Biophys. J., 1 (1961), 445-466. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86902-6. [21] F. Flandoli, B. Schmalfuss, Random attractors for the 3D stochastic Navier-Stokes equation with multiplicative noise, Stoch. Stoch. Rep., 59 (1996), 21-45. doi: 10.1080/17442509608834083. [22] M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, Ergodicity of the infinite dimensional fractional Brownian motion, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 23 (2011), 671-681. doi: 10.1007/s10884-011-9222-5. [23] M. Garrido-Atienza, A. Ogrowsky, B. Schmalfuss, Random differential equations with random delays, Stoch. Dyn., 11 (2011), 369-388. doi: 10.1142/S0219493711003358. [24] M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Maslowski, B. Schmalfuss, Random attractors for stochastic equations driven by a fractional Brownian motion, International J. Bifurcation and Chaos, 20 (2010), 2761-2782. doi: 10.1142/S0218127410027349. [25] W. Gerstner, W. Kistler, R. Naud, L. Paninski, Neuronal Dynamics: From Single Neurons to Networks and Models of Cognition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. [26] B. Gess, W. Liu, M. Rockner, Random attractors for a class of stochastic partial differential equations driven by general additive noise, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 1225-1253. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.02.013. [27] B. Gess, Random attractors for degenerate stochastic partial differential equations, J. Dyn. Diff. Eqns., 25 (2013), 121-157. doi: 10.1007/s10884-013-9294-5. [28] B. Gess, Random attractors for singular stochastic evolution equations, J. Differential Equations, 255 (2013), 524-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2013.04.023. [29] P. Hänggi, Colored Noise in Dynamical Systems: A Functional Calculus Approach, in: Noise in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, vol. 1, F. Moss and P. V. E. McClintock, eds., chap. 9, pp. 307328, Cambridge University Press, 1989. [30] P. Häunggi, P. Jung, Colored Noise in Dynamical Systems, in Advances in Chemical Physics, Volume 89 (eds I. Prigogine and S. A. Rice), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1994. [31] W. Horsthemke and R. Lefever, Noise-Induced Transitions: Theory and Applications in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1984. [32] J. Huang, W. Shen, Pullback attractors for nonautonomous and random parabolic equations on non-smooth domains, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 24 (2009), 855-882. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2009.24.855. [33] N. Ikeda and S. Watanabe, Stochastic Differential Equations and Diffusion Processes, Noth-Holland, 2nd ed, 1981. [34] T. Jiang, X. Liu, J. Duan, Approximation for random stable manifolds under multiplicative correlated noises, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 21 (2016), 3163-3174. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016091. [35] N. van Kampen, Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry, Amsterdam-New York, 1981. [36] D. Kelley, I. Melbourne, Smooth approximation of stochastic differential equations, Ann. Probab., 44 (2016), 479-520. doi: 10.1214/14-AOP979. [37] P. E. Kloeden, J. Langa, Flattening, squeezing and the existence of random attractors, Proc. Royal Soc. London Serie A., 463 (2007), 163-181. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2006.1753. [38] M. Klosek-Dygas, B. Matkowsky, Z. Schuss, Colored noise in dynamical systems, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 48 (1988), 425-441. doi: 10.1137/0148023. [39] K. Lu and B. Wang, Wong-Zakai approximations and long term behavior of stochastic partial differential equations, submitted. [40] Y. Lv, W. Wang, Limiting dynamics for stochastic wave equations, J. Differential Equations, 244 (2008), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2007.10.009. [41] J. Nagumo, S. Arimoto, S. Yosimzawa, An active pulse transmission line simulating nerve axon, Proc. J. R. E., 50 (1962), 2061-2070. doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235. [42] G. Uhlenbeck, L. Ornstein, On the theory of Brownian motion, Phys. Rev., 36 (1930), 823-841. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.36.823. [43] L. Ridolfi, P. D'Odorico, F. Laio, Noise-Induced Phenomena in the Environmental Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. [44] B. Schmalfuss, Backward cocycles and attractors of stochastic differential equations, International Seminar on Applied Mathematics-Nonlinear Dynamics: Attractor Approximation and Global Behavior, 185-192, Dresden, 1992. [45] J. Shen, K. Lu, W. Zhang, Heteroclinic chaotic behavior driven by a Brownian motion, J. Differential Equations, 255 (2013), 4185-4225. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2013.08.003. [46] D. W. Stook, S. R. S. Varadhan, On the support of diffusion processes with applications to the strong maximum principle, Proc. 6-th Berkeley Symp. on Math. Stat. and Prob., 3 (1972), 333-359. [47] H. J. Sussmann, On the gap between deterministic and stochastic ordinary differential equations, Ann. Probab., 6 (1978), 19-41. doi: 10.1214/aop/1176995608. [48] H. J. Sussmann, An interpretation of stochastic differential equations as ordinary differential equations which depend on the sample point, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 83 (1977), 296-298. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1977-14312-7. [49] R. Temam, Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997. [50] B. Wang, Random attractors for the stochastic Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation on unbounded domains, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 2506-2537. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.10.012. [51] B. Wang, Asymptotic behavior of stochastic wave equations with critical exponents on $\mathbb{R}^3$, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 363 (2011), 3639-3663. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2011-05247-5. [52] B. Wang, Sufficient and necessary criteria for existence of pullback attractors for non-compact random dynamical systems, J. Differential Equations, 253 (2012), 1544-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2012.05.015. [53] B. Wang, Existence and upper semicontinuity of attractors for stochastic equations with deterministic non-autonomous terms, Stoch. Dyn. , 14 (2014), 1450009, 31pp. [54] B. Wang, Random attractors for non-autonomous stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 34 (2014), 269-300. [55] M. Wang, G. Uhlenbeck, On the theory of Brownian motion. Ⅱ, Rev. Modern Phys., 17 (1945), 323-342. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.17.323. [56] E. Wong, M. Zakai, On the convergence of ordinary integrals to stochastic integrals, Ann. Math. Statist., 36 (1965), 1560-1564. doi: 10.1214/aoms/1177699916. [57] E. Wong, M. Zakai, On the relation between ordinary and stochastic differential equations, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci., 3 (1965), 213-229. doi: 10.1016/0020-7225(65)90045-5.

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##### References:
 [1] P. Acquistapace, B. Terreni, An approach to Itö linear equations in Hilbert spaces by approximation of white noise with coloured noise, Stochastic Anal. Appl., 2 (1984), 131-186. doi: 10.1080/07362998408809031. [2] A. Adili, B. Wang, Random attractors for stochastic FitzHugh-Nagumo systems driven by deterministic non-autonomous forcing, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 18 (2013), 643-666. [3] V. Anishchenko, V. Astakhov, A. Neiman, T. Vadivasova and L. Schimansky-Geier, Nonlinear Dynamics of Chaotic and Stochastic Systems: Tutorial and Modern Developments, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2007. [4] L. Arnold, Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory and Applications, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974. [5] L. Arnold, Random Dynamical Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. [6] P. W. Bates, H. Lisei, K. Lu, Attractors for stochastic lattice dynamical systems, Stoch. Dyn., 6 (2006), 1-21. doi: 10.1142/S0219493706001621. [7] P. W. Bates, K. Lu, B. Wang, Random attractors for stochastic reaction-diffusion equations on unbounded domains, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 845-869. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.05.017. [8] W. J. Beyn, B. Gess, P. Lescot, M. Röckner, The global random attractor for a class of stochastic porous media equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 36 (2011), 446-469. [9] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, J. Valero, Non-autonomous and random attractors for delay random semilinear equations without uniqueness, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 21 (2008), 415-443. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.415. [10] T. Caraballo, J. Real, I. Chueshov, Pullback attractors for stochastic heat equations in materials with memory, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 9 (2008), 525-539. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.9.525. [11] T. Caraballo, J. Langa, On the upper semicontinuity of cocycle attractors for non-autonomous and random dynamical systems, Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems Series A: Mathematical Analysis, 10 (2003), 491-513. [12] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, J. Valero, Asymptotic behaviour of a stochastic semilinear dissipative functional equation without uniqueness of solutions, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 14 (2010), 439-455. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2010.14.439. [13] T. Caraballo, M. Garrido-Atienza, T. Taniguchi, The existence and exponential behavior of solutions to stochastic delay evolution equations with a fractional Brownian motion, Nonlinear Anal., 74 (2011), 3671-3684. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2011.02.047. [14] T. Caraballo, J. Langa, V. S. Melnik, J. Valero, Pullback attractors for nonautonomous and stochastic multivalued dynamical systems, Set-Valued Analysis, 11 (2003), 153-201. doi: 10.1023/A:1022902802385. [15] I. Chueshov, M. Scheutzow, On the structure of attractors and invariant measures for a class of monotone random systems, Dynamical Systems, 19 (2004), 127-144. doi: 10.1080/1468936042000207792. [16] H. Crauel, A. Debussche, F. Flandoli, Random attractors, J. Dyn. Diff. Eqns., 9 (1997), 307-341. doi: 10.1007/BF02219225. [17] J. Doob, The Brownian movement and stochastic equations, Annals of Math., 43 (1942), 351-369. doi: 10.2307/1968873. [18] H. Crauel, F. Flandoli, Attractors for random dynamical systems, Probab. Th. Re. Fields, 100 (1994), 365-393. doi: 10.1007/BF01193705. [19] J. Duan, B. Schmalfuss, The 3D quasigeostrophic fluid dynamics under random forcing on boundary, Comm. Math. Sci., 1 (2003), 133-151. doi: 10.4310/CMS.2003.v1.n1.a9. [20] R. FitzHugh, Impulses and physiological states in theoretical models of nerve membrane, Biophys. J., 1 (1961), 445-466. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86902-6. [21] F. Flandoli, B. Schmalfuss, Random attractors for the 3D stochastic Navier-Stokes equation with multiplicative noise, Stoch. Stoch. Rep., 59 (1996), 21-45. doi: 10.1080/17442509608834083. [22] M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Schmalfuss, Ergodicity of the infinite dimensional fractional Brownian motion, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 23 (2011), 671-681. doi: 10.1007/s10884-011-9222-5. [23] M. Garrido-Atienza, A. Ogrowsky, B. Schmalfuss, Random differential equations with random delays, Stoch. Dyn., 11 (2011), 369-388. doi: 10.1142/S0219493711003358. [24] M. Garrido-Atienza, B. Maslowski, B. Schmalfuss, Random attractors for stochastic equations driven by a fractional Brownian motion, International J. Bifurcation and Chaos, 20 (2010), 2761-2782. doi: 10.1142/S0218127410027349. [25] W. Gerstner, W. Kistler, R. Naud, L. Paninski, Neuronal Dynamics: From Single Neurons to Networks and Models of Cognition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. [26] B. Gess, W. Liu, M. Rockner, Random attractors for a class of stochastic partial differential equations driven by general additive noise, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 1225-1253. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.02.013. [27] B. Gess, Random attractors for degenerate stochastic partial differential equations, J. Dyn. Diff. Eqns., 25 (2013), 121-157. doi: 10.1007/s10884-013-9294-5. [28] B. Gess, Random attractors for singular stochastic evolution equations, J. Differential Equations, 255 (2013), 524-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2013.04.023. [29] P. Hänggi, Colored Noise in Dynamical Systems: A Functional Calculus Approach, in: Noise in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, vol. 1, F. Moss and P. V. E. McClintock, eds., chap. 9, pp. 307328, Cambridge University Press, 1989. [30] P. Häunggi, P. Jung, Colored Noise in Dynamical Systems, in Advances in Chemical Physics, Volume 89 (eds I. Prigogine and S. A. Rice), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1994. [31] W. Horsthemke and R. Lefever, Noise-Induced Transitions: Theory and Applications in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1984. [32] J. Huang, W. Shen, Pullback attractors for nonautonomous and random parabolic equations on non-smooth domains, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 24 (2009), 855-882. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2009.24.855. [33] N. Ikeda and S. Watanabe, Stochastic Differential Equations and Diffusion Processes, Noth-Holland, 2nd ed, 1981. [34] T. Jiang, X. Liu, J. Duan, Approximation for random stable manifolds under multiplicative correlated noises, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 21 (2016), 3163-3174. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016091. [35] N. van Kampen, Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry, Amsterdam-New York, 1981. [36] D. Kelley, I. Melbourne, Smooth approximation of stochastic differential equations, Ann. Probab., 44 (2016), 479-520. doi: 10.1214/14-AOP979. [37] P. E. Kloeden, J. Langa, Flattening, squeezing and the existence of random attractors, Proc. Royal Soc. London Serie A., 463 (2007), 163-181. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2006.1753. [38] M. Klosek-Dygas, B. Matkowsky, Z. Schuss, Colored noise in dynamical systems, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 48 (1988), 425-441. doi: 10.1137/0148023. [39] K. Lu and B. Wang, Wong-Zakai approximations and long term behavior of stochastic partial differential equations, submitted. [40] Y. Lv, W. Wang, Limiting dynamics for stochastic wave equations, J. Differential Equations, 244 (2008), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2007.10.009. [41] J. Nagumo, S. Arimoto, S. Yosimzawa, An active pulse transmission line simulating nerve axon, Proc. J. R. E., 50 (1962), 2061-2070. doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235. [42] G. Uhlenbeck, L. Ornstein, On the theory of Brownian motion, Phys. Rev., 36 (1930), 823-841. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.36.823. [43] L. Ridolfi, P. D'Odorico, F. Laio, Noise-Induced Phenomena in the Environmental Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. [44] B. Schmalfuss, Backward cocycles and attractors of stochastic differential equations, International Seminar on Applied Mathematics-Nonlinear Dynamics: Attractor Approximation and Global Behavior, 185-192, Dresden, 1992. [45] J. Shen, K. Lu, W. Zhang, Heteroclinic chaotic behavior driven by a Brownian motion, J. Differential Equations, 255 (2013), 4185-4225. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2013.08.003. [46] D. W. Stook, S. R. S. Varadhan, On the support of diffusion processes with applications to the strong maximum principle, Proc. 6-th Berkeley Symp. on Math. Stat. and Prob., 3 (1972), 333-359. [47] H. J. Sussmann, On the gap between deterministic and stochastic ordinary differential equations, Ann. Probab., 6 (1978), 19-41. doi: 10.1214/aop/1176995608. [48] H. J. Sussmann, An interpretation of stochastic differential equations as ordinary differential equations which depend on the sample point, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 83 (1977), 296-298. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1977-14312-7. [49] R. Temam, Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997. [50] B. Wang, Random attractors for the stochastic Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation on unbounded domains, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 2506-2537. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.10.012. [51] B. Wang, Asymptotic behavior of stochastic wave equations with critical exponents on $\mathbb{R}^3$, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 363 (2011), 3639-3663. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2011-05247-5. [52] B. Wang, Sufficient and necessary criteria for existence of pullback attractors for non-compact random dynamical systems, J. Differential Equations, 253 (2012), 1544-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2012.05.015. [53] B. Wang, Existence and upper semicontinuity of attractors for stochastic equations with deterministic non-autonomous terms, Stoch. Dyn. , 14 (2014), 1450009, 31pp. [54] B. Wang, Random attractors for non-autonomous stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 34 (2014), 269-300. [55] M. Wang, G. Uhlenbeck, On the theory of Brownian motion. Ⅱ, Rev. Modern Phys., 17 (1945), 323-342. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.17.323. [56] E. Wong, M. Zakai, On the convergence of ordinary integrals to stochastic integrals, Ann. Math. Statist., 36 (1965), 1560-1564. doi: 10.1214/aoms/1177699916. [57] E. Wong, M. Zakai, On the relation between ordinary and stochastic differential equations, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci., 3 (1965), 213-229. doi: 10.1016/0020-7225(65)90045-5.
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